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1.
Int. j. morphol ; 39(3): 920-927, jun. 2021.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1385395

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN: El trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) se caracteriza por presentar déficits persistentes en la comunicación y en la interacción social. Además, patrones de comportamiento, intereses o actividades de tipo restrictivo o repetitivo. Su etiología es compleja y heterogenia, y los mecanismos neurobiológicos que dan lugar al fenotipo clínico aún no se conocen por completo. Las investigaciones apuntan a factores genéticos y ambientales que afectan el cerebro en desarrollo. Estos avances coinciden con un aumento en la comprensión de las funciones fisiológicas y el potencial patológico de la neuroglia en el sistema nervioso central (SNC) que llevó a la noción de la contribución fundamental de estas células en el TEA. Así, el objetivo de este artículo fue revisar brevemente los factores de riesgo clave asociados al TEA y luego, explorar la contribución de la neuroglia en este trastorno. Se destaca el rol de los astrocitos, los microglocitos y los oligodendrocitos en el control homeostático del SNC, en la regulación inmunitaria del cerebro y en la mielinización axonal, así como el mal funcionamiento y las alteraciones morfológicas de estas células en los cerebros autistas.


SUMMARY: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by persistent deficits in communication and social interaction, as well as restrictive or repetitive activities or interests. Its etiology is complex and heterogeneous, and the neurobiological mechanisms that give rise to the clinical phenotype are not yet fully understood. Research points to genetic and environmental factors that affect the developing brain. These advances are consistent with an enhanced understanding of the physiological functions and pathological potential of neuroglia in the central nervous system (CNS) which supports the conclusion of the contribution of these cells in ASD. Therefore, the objective of this article was to briefly review the key risk factors associated with ASD and then explore the contribution of glia in this disorder. The role of astrocytes, microgliocytes and oligodendrocytes in the homeostatic control of the CNS in the immune regulation of the brain and in axonal myelination, as well as malfunction and morphological alterations of these cells in autistic brains are emphasized.


Subject(s)
Humans , Neuroglia/pathology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/pathology , Oligodendroglia/pathology , Astrocytes/pathology , Microglia/pathology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/etiology , Homeostasis
2.
Int. j. morphol ; 38(5): 1513-1518, oct. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1134469

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN: El trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) abarca un grupo de trastornos multifactoriales del neurodesarrollo caracterizados por una comunicación e interacción social deteriorada y por comportamientos repetitivos y estereotipados. Múltiples estudios han revelado que en el TEA existen disfunciones sinápticas, en la cual la morfología y función neuronal son sustratos importantes en esta patogenia. En esta revisión comentamos los datos disponibles a nivel de anormalidades neuronales en el TEA, enfatizando la morfología de las dendritas, espinas dendríticas y citoesquelo de actina. Las dendritas y espinas dendríticas, ricas en actina, forman la parte postsináptica de la mayoría de las sinapsis excitadoras. En el TEA, los datos obtenidos apuntan a una desregulación en el crecimiento y desarrollo dendrítico, así como una alteración en la densidad de las espinas dendríticas. Lo anterior, se ve acompañado de alteraciones en la remodelación y composición del citoesqueleto neuronal. Para comprender mejor la fisiopatología del TEA, es necesario mayor información sobre cómo los cambios morfofuncionales de los actores que participan en la sinapsis impactan en los circuitos y el comportamiento.


SUMMARY: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a group of multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by impaired communication and social interaction skills, and by repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. Multiple studies report that there are synaptic dysfunctions in ASD, in which important substrates such as morphology and neuronal function are involved in this pathogenesis. In this review we discuss the data available at the level of neuronal abnormalities in ASD, and emphasize the morphological aspects of dendrites, dendritic spines, and actin cytoskeleton. Actin-rich dendrites and dendritic spines shape the postsynaptic part of the most excitatory synapses. In ASD, the data points to a dysregulation in dendritic growth and development, as well as an alteration in the density of dendritic spines. This is accompanied by alterations in the remodeling and composition of the neuronal cytoskeleton. In order to better understand the pathophysiology of ASD, further information is needed on how the elements of synaptic morphofunctional changes impact circuits and behavior.


Subject(s)
Humans , Dendrites/pathology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/pathology , Actin Cytoskeleton/pathology , Dendritic Spines/pathology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology
3.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 80(supl.2): 7-11, mar. 2020. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1125098

ABSTRACT

Los trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) son trastornos del neurodesarrollo que afectan la comunicación social y que presentan patrones de conducta repetitiva, estereotipada o/y inflexible. Un tercio de los casos diagnosticados de TEA tienen discapacidad intelectual y 2/3 una capacidad intelectual dentro de la norma. Los síntomas nucleares de autismo y otros asociados pueden afectar el desarrollo afectivo-sexual. En este artículo se expone qué dificultades en el desarrollo afectivo-sexual pueden presentar las personas con TEA y cuáles son las más frecuentemente descritas. Se propone de una manera breve, guías dirigidas a la evaluación y a la ayuda para un desarrollo afectivo-sexual satisfactorio en las personas con autismo-TEA.


Autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders that affect social communication and present repetitive, stereotyped and inflexible behaviour. A third of the people with a diagnosis of ASD also have intellectual disability associated and two thirds present an intellectual capacity within the average range. The nuclear autistic and others associated symptoms can affect the affective and sexual development. This article exposes which are the problems people with ASD present in the affective and sexual development, the most frequently described and brief guides for evaluation and support for an adequate affective-sexual development in people with ASD.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Affective Symptoms/physiopathology , Sexual Development/physiology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology , Sex Factors , Affective Symptoms/psychology , Interpersonal Relations , Intellectual Disability/physiopathology
4.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 80(supl.2): 31-36, mar. 2020. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1125103

ABSTRACT

Se ha observado que la estratificación de trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) generada por las escalas actuales no es efectiva para la personalización de tratamientos tempranos. La evaluación clínica de TEA requiere su consideración como un continuo de déficits, y existe la necesidad de identificar parámetros biológicamente significativos (biomarcadores) que tengan el poder de caracterizar automáticamente a cada individuo en diferentes etapas del desarrollo neurológico. El incipiente campo de la psiquiatría computacional (CP) intenta satisfacer las necesidades de diagnóstico de precisión mediante el desarrollo de potentes técnicas computacionales y matemáticas. Una creciente actividad científica propone el uso de medidas implícitas basadas en bioseñales para la clasificación de ASD. Las tecnologías de realidad virtual (VR) han demostrado potencial para las intervenciones de TEA, pero la mayoría de los trabajos han utilizado la realidad virtual para el aprendizaje / objetivo de las intervenciones. Muy pocos estudios han utilizado señales biológicas para el registro y el análisis detallado de las respuestas conductuales que se pueden utilizar para monitorear o producir cambios a lo largo del tiempo. En el presente trabajo se introduce el concepto de biomarcadores conductuales basados en VR o VRBB. Los VRBB van a permitir la clasificación de TEA utilizando un paradigma de psiquiatría computacional basado en procesos cerebrales implícitos medidos a través de señales psicofisiológicas y el comportamiento de sujetos expuestos a complejas réplicas de condiciones sociales utilizando interfaces de realidad virtual.


It has been observed that the stratification of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) generated by the current scales is not effective for the personalization of early treatments. The clinical evaluation of ASD requires its consideration as a continuum of deficits, and there is a need to identify biologically significant parameters (biomarkers) that have the power to automatically characterize each individual at different stages of neurological development. The emerging field of computational psychiatry (CP) attempts to meet the needs of precision diagnosis by developing powerful computational and mathematical techniques. A growing scientific activity proposes the use of implicit measures based on biosignals for the classification of ASD. Virtual reality (VR) technologies have demonstrated potential for ASD interventions, but most of the work has used virtual reality for the learning / objective of interventions. Very few studies have used biological signals for recording and detailed analysis of behavioral responses that can be used to monitor or produce changes over time. In this paper the concept of behavioral biomarkers based on VR or VRBB is introduced. VRBB will allow the classification of ASD using a paradigm of computational psychiatry based on implicit brain processes measured through psychophysiological signals and the behavior of subjects exposed to complex replicas of social conditions using virtual reality interfaces.


Subject(s)
Humans , Artificial Intelligence , Biomarkers , Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy/methods , Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis , Autism Spectrum Disorder/therapy , Psychiatry/methods , Medical Informatics/methods , Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology
5.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 80(supl.2): 37-40, mar. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1125104

ABSTRACT

La investigación sobre el perfil académico de los estudiantes con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) refiere un desempeño variable, generalmente inferior a lo esperado para la capacidad cognitiva. En el marco escolar, la lectura y la escritura constituyen aprendizajes instrumentales cruciales que vertebran el éxito en distintas áreas curriculares y tienen implicaciones importantes a lo largo de la vida, no solo académica, sino también social y ocupacional. En este artículo se realiza una breve revisión de las principales dificultades que presentan los estudiantes con TEA en la lectura y la escritura. Con respecto a la lectura, los estudios coinciden en señalar un buen dominio de los procesos de decodificación, pero un rendimiento inferior a la edad y al nivel intelectual en la comprensión lectora, especialmente en la comprensión inferencial. También se han identificado déficits en los diversos componentes de la escritura, particularmente en el grafismo y la coherencia textual. Este perfil ha llevado a tratar de dilucidar diversos factores explicativos, entre ellos, factores lingüísticos o aspectos relacionados con las propias teorías psicológicas del autismo, que pueden orientar propuestas de intervención.


Research about the academic profile of students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) reports a variable performance, although it tends to be lower than what it is expected according to the cognitive level. In the school context, reading and writing are crucial abilities for learning in different curricular areas and they have important implications for academic, social and occupational success. A brief review is carried out about the main reading and writing disabilities that students with ASD show. Studies about reading coincide to point out an adequate knowledge of the decodification processes. However, a lower performance in reading comprehension and, particularly, inferential comprehension has been frequently described. In addition, deficits in the different components of writing have been reported, especially, handwriting and text coherence. Different factors may explain this profile of difficulties, like linguistic factors or aspects related to the psychological theories of autism, which may contribute to possible interventions.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Reading , Comprehension/physiology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology , Writing , Learning Disabilities/physiopathology
6.
CoDAS ; 32(3): e20180287, 2020. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1055907

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Objetivo identificar as terminologias mais utilizadas para designar o comportamento desproporcional a determinados sons (CDS) no TEA e sua relação com as respectivas ferramentas para sua investigação, assim como sua ocorrência e desfechos. Estratégia de pesquisa Foram utilizadas as bases de dados: PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scielo e Lilacs. As palavras-chave utilizadas foram "autism", "hyperacusis" e "auditoryperception", com as seguintes combinações: "autism AND hyperacusis" e "autism AND auditoryperception". Critérios de seleção Foram incluídos os trabalhos com diagnóstico de TEA, de qualquer faixa etária; resumo disponível; Artigos em inglês, espanhol e português brasileiro; série de casos, estudos de prevalência e incidência, coorte e ensaios clínicos. Análise dos dados Foram analisados estudos com sujeitos com diagnóstico de TEA de qualquer faixa etária; referência no título e/ou resumo da ocorrência do CDS, aceitando os termos hiper-responsividade, hipersensibilidade e hiperacusia; resumo disponível; artigos em inglês, espanhol e português brasileiro; série de casos, estudos de prevalência e incidência, coorte e ensaios clínicos. Resultados Dos 692 estudos resultantes da consulta, foram identificados 13 que atendiam aos requisitos estabelecidos. Conclusão O termo hipersensibilidade auditiva foi o mais empregado para designar o CDS, seguido da hiperacusia. Não houve relação entre os termos e a respectiva ferramenta de investigação, sendo os questionários os mais utilizados para designar o referido comportamento, cuja frequência relatada foi de 42,1% a 69,0%. Os testes auditivos, quando realizados, mostraram o envolvimento das vias neurais auditivas, aferente e eferente.


ABSTRACT Purpose this paper aims to identify the most used terminologies to designate the disproportional behavior to sounds in the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and its relationship with the respective tools for its investigation, as well as its occurrence and outcomes. Research strategies the databases used were PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scielo and Lilacs. The keywords used were "autism", "hyperacusis" and "auditory perception", with the following combinations: "autism AND hyperacusis" and "autism AND auditory perception". Selection criteria individuals diagnosed with ASD of any age group; available abstract; papers in English, Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese; case series, prevalence and incidence studies, cohort and clinical trials. Data analysis we analyzed studies with individuals diagnosed with ASD of any age group; reference in the title and/or summary of the occurrence of disproportional behavior to sounds, accepting the terms hyper-responsiveness, hypersensitivity and hyperacusis; summary available; papers in English, Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese; series of cases, prevalence and incidence studies, cohort and clinical trials. Results Of the 692 studies resulting from the consultation, 13 studies could achieve the established requirements. Conclusion The term auditory hypersensitivity was the most commonly used to designate disproportional behavior to sounds, followed by hyperacusis. There was no relationship between the terms and the respective research tool, and the questionnaires were the most used to designate the referred behavior, whose reported frequency was from 42.1% to 69.0%. The auditory behavior tests when performed showed the involvement of the auditory, afferent and efferent neural pathways.


Subject(s)
Humans , Hyperacusis/etiology , Reflex, Acoustic/physiology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications , Terminology as Topic , Hyperacusis/physiopathology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology
7.
Rev. chil. neuropsicol. (En línea) ; 14(2): 25-30, dic. 2019. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1102460

ABSTRACT

Los estudiantes con doble excepcionalidad son alumnos que presentan dos condiciones fuera de lo común, típicamente una condición asociada a talento y otra condición a discapacidad. Este estudio buscó determinar un perfil de funcionamiento ejecutivo (FE) y bienestar subjetivo (BS) de alumnos con doble excepcionalidad (DE) que presentan trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) e inteligencia sobre el rango promedio, para compararlo con estudiantes con desarrollo normativo e inteligencia Promedio de la comuna de Concepción. Los alumnos fueron pareados por sexo, edad y nivel socio económico. Mediante un método cuantitativo, descriptivo, comparativo y transversal, se evaluaron a 10 varones; cinco alumnos DE (M= 12,65 [4,18]) y cinco del grupo comparativo (M=12,48 [4,10]). Al comparar funcionamiento ejecutivo entre grupos, se observó que los alumnos con DE presentan mejor desempeño en Razonamiento Fluido (p=0,04) y, según la percepción de los docentes, un mejor control Inhibitorio (p=0,04). A pesar de que no se encontraron otras diferencias significativas entre grupos, el perfil de alumnos DE si mostró un déficit en funciones ejecutivas, pero únicamente en la manifestación conductual de las mismas. Los resultados asociados al bienestar subjetivo, indican que no existen diferencias significativas entre grupos. El perfil de alumnos DE refleja que mantienen "moderada" satisfacción con la vida y mayor Afecto Positivo que Negativo.


Students with double exceptionality are those who present two out of the ordinary conditions: one associated with outstanding skill and the other associated with a disability. This study sought to determine a profile of executive functioning and subjective well-being of students with double exceptionality (DE) which presented both above-average intelligence and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The results were compared with a control group of equally numbered students. The students were paired by sex, age, and socio-economic level. Through a quantitative, descriptive, comparative and cross-cutting method, 10 males were evaluated: five DE students (M=12.65 [4.18]) and five control group Students (M=12.48 [4.10]). The results of executive functioning show that DE Students present higher performance in Fluid Reasoning (p=0.04) and, according to teachers' perception, a better Inhibitory Control (p=0.04). Although no other significative differences were found between groups, DE students' profile did show a deficiency in executive functioning, but only in its behavioral manifestation. Results associated with subjective well-being didn't show any significative differences between groups. DE students' profile reflects that they maintain moderate satisfaction with life and higher positive affect than negative.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Adolescent , Personal Satisfaction , Executive Function/physiology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/psychology , Mental Health , Intelligence
9.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 90(5): 478-484, oct. 2019.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1058173

ABSTRACT

Resumen: El Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) es una alteración del neurodesarollo que afecta las áreas de comunicación social y conducta, las cuales se manifiestan de manera heterogénea en cada niño y con una amplia gama de niveles de funcionalidad. En la última década se han hecho avances significativos en la detección temprana de señales de riesgo, favoreciendo la realización de diagnósticos precoz. Esto ha permitido el acceso a intervenciones que capitalizan la neuroplasticidad de esta etapa del desarrollo, planteando la posibilidad de mitigar la completa manifestación del trastorno. Los objetivos de esta actualización son revisar herramientas de diagnóstico precoz y modelos de intervención temprana, y analizar cómo implementar intervenciones basadas en la evidencia en un contexto sanitario de un país como Chile.


Abstract: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects the social commu nication and behavior areas. Its symptomatology display heterogeneity and a wide range of functio nality levels in each child. In the last decade, significant advances have been made in the early detec tion of risk signs, favoring early diagnosis. This has allowed access to interventions that capitalize neuroplasticity of this stage of development, raising the possibility of mitigating the full manifesta tion of the disorder. The objective of this update is to review early diagnostic tools and early inter vention models and to analyze how to implement evidence-based interventions in a health context in a country like Chile.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis , Neuronal Plasticity/physiology , Chile , Early Diagnosis , Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/therapy
10.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 90(5): 485-491, oct. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1058174

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: El trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) es un desorden neurobiológico altamente prevalente, cuyo diagnóstico clínico es un desafío constante. OBJETIVOS: Describir el perfil clínico, en una cohorte de niños con TEA desde su derivación al especialista hasta la realización de un test diagnóstico. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo desde los primeros síntomas pesquisados por la madre, hasta la certificación diagnóstica de una serie de 50 niños, diagnosticados clínicamente con TEA entre 2012-2016. Se incluyeron niños de 3 a 10 años al momento del Test ADOS-G, con lenguaje de al menos una palabra. Los niños fueron evaluados neuropsicológicamente (funcionali dad, intelectualidad y test ADOS). Comparamos las medianas de edad al diagnóstico neurológico, según carga de sintomatología autista y nivel cognitivo. RESULTADOS: El test ADOS corroboró un TEA en 44 niños (88%), 93,1% eran varones. La edad promedio al diagnóstico clínico y test ADOS fue 48,2 ± 18,3 y 62,6 ± 23,3 meses. La consulta neurológica en el 72% de los casos fue motivación parental/educador por síntomas como trastorno interacción social y retraso de lenguaje. El 34,1; 47,7 y 18,2% tenían sintomatología autista leve, moderada y severa respectivamente. En 5 de 27 ni ños en los que se realizó la evaluación neuropsicológica se detectó déficit cognitivo. La mediana de edad al diagnóstico fue significativamente menor en niños con sintomatología autista grave vs leve- moderada (p 0,024). CONCLUSIÓN: La sintomatología autista determina la precocidad de consulta, por lo que es necesario orientar a la población general, educadores y personal de salud, respecto a estos síntomas.


INTRODUCTION: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurobiological disorder of high prevalence, whose clinical diagnosis is a constant challenge. OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical profile in a co hort of children with ASD from referral to the specialist to a diagnostic test. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Descriptive study from the first symptoms perceived by the mother to the diagnostic confirmation of a series of 50 consecutive cases, which were clinically diagnosed with ASD between 2012 and 2016. Children aged between 3 to 10 years at the time of the ADOS-G test and language of at least one word were included. The children were evaluated neuropsychologically (functionality, intellectuality and ADOS test). We compared the median age to the neurological diagnosis, according to the autistic symptomatology and cognitive level. RESULTS: The ADOS test corroborated an ASD in 44 children (88%), 93.1% were males. The average age at clinical diagnosis and ADOS test was 48.2 ± 19.3 and 62.6 ± 23.3 months. The neurological consultation in 72% of cases was parental/educator initiative due to symptoms such as social interaction disorder and language delay. The autistic symptomato logy was mild, moderate and severe in 34.1, 47.7 and 18.2% respectively. In five of 27 children who were neuropsychologically evaluated cognitive deficits were detected. The median age at diagnosis was significantly lower in children with severe autism symptoms vs the ones with mild-moderate symptoms (p-value 0.024). CONCLUSION: Autistic symptoms determine the early consultation; the refore, it is necessary to guide the general and educational population as well as health professionals regarding these symptoms.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Referral and Consultation , Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis , Language Development Disorders/epidemiology , Severity of Illness Index , Cohort Studies , Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology
13.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 79(1,supl.1): 10-15, abr. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1002598

ABSTRACT

Los trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) son trastornos del neurodesarrollo que afectan la comunicación social y presentan conductas estereotipadas. Un 30% de los casos diagnosticados con TEA tienen discapacidad intelectual y 2/3 una capacidad intelectual dentro de la norma. Aunque la capacidad cognitiva esta relacionada con una mejor adaptación funcional, sin embargo la gran mayoría de las personas con TEA en edad adulta tienen una limitada autonomía y son dependientes de los adultos. En este artículo se revisa el concepto de adaptación funcional, su relación con el TEA, factores que influyen en una mejor adaptación funcional, como evaluarla y implicaciones para el tratamiento. La adaptación funcional en TEA es un concepto esencial, relacionado con el pronóstico. El conocimiento de los factores implicados en la adaptación funcional y la medida de ellas, facilita la incorporación de aspectos muy relevantes en el tratamiento.


Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders that affect social communication and present stereotyped behaviors; 30% of the cases diagnosed with ASD have intellectual disability and 2/3 an intellectual capacity within the norm. Although cognitive ability is related to better functional adaptation, however, the vast majority of people with ASD in adulthood have limited autonomy and are dependent on adults. In this article we review the concept of functional adaptation, its relationship with ASD, factors that influence a better functional adaptation, how to evaluate it and implications for treatment. Functional adaptation in ASD is an essential concept, related to prognosis. The knowledge of the factors involved in the functional adaptation and its measure will facilitate the incorporation of very relevant aspects for treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adult , Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology , Social Adjustment , Adaptation, Psychological , Age Factors , Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis , Autism Spectrum Disorder/psychology , Motor Skills , Neuropsychological Tests
14.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 79(1,supl.1): 16-21, abr. 2019.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1002599

ABSTRACT

El autismo es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo caracterizado por compromiso en la interacción social y la comunicación, asociado a intereses restringidos y conductas estereotipadas con gran prevalencia poblacional, bases neurobiológicas y alta heredabilidad. Su etiología es heterogénea y se han reconocido numerosas bases genéticas, factores ambientales y mecanismos epigenéticos. Los avances en la genética molecular, así como los estudios epidemiológicos de grandes cohortes, han posibilitado identificar entidades médicas específicas, así como genes y factores ambientales vinculados parcial o totalmente en su patogenia. Estos conocimientos, conforme las características clínicas, permiten orientar los estudios complementarios, las conductas terapéuticas, inferir un pronóstico clínico y propiciar el asesoramiento genético familiar. En este trabajo analizamos las características clínicas de los trastornos del espectro del autismo, las entidades médicas específicas que están fuertemente relacionadas a los mismos, así como los genes reconocidos, los posibles factores ambientales y los resultados epidemiológicos que permiten el adecuado asesoramiento familiar.


Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by commitment to social interaction and communication, associated with interests restricted and stereotyped behaviors with a high population prevalence, neurobiological bases and high heritability. Its etiology is heterogeneous, numerous genetic bases, environmental factors and epigenetic mechanisms have been recognized. Advances in molecular genetics, as well as epidemiological studies of large cohorts, have made it possible to identify specific medical entities, as well as genes and environmental factors partially or totally linked in their pathogenesis. This knowledge, according to the clinical characteristics, allows to guide the complementary studies, the therapeutic conducts, to infer a clinical prognosis and to propitiate the familiar genetic advice. In this work, the most prevalent clinical characteristics identified are described; the specific medical entities that are strongly related to autism are stated, as well as the recognized genes, the possible environmental factors and the epidemiological results that allow family counseling.


Subject(s)
Humans , Autistic Disorder/genetics , Autistic Disorder/etiology , Autistic Disorder/physiopathology , Epigenesis, Genetic , Environment , Autism Spectrum Disorder/etiology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics , Genetic Counseling
15.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 79(1,supl.1): 27-32, abr. 2019. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1002601

ABSTRACT

Los trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) son una alteración funcional de la corteza cerebral, que presenta anomalías estructurales del neurodesarrollo que afectan fundamentalmente a la función sináptica y el patrón de conexiones dentro y entre columnas corticales. Desde su aspecto etiológico, el TEA tiene una importante carga genética, considerándose un desorden derivado de una combinación de mutaciones "de novo", asociadas a una predisposición derivada de variaciones comunes heredadas. Las principales anomalías genéticas asociadas a TEA implican genes que codifican proteínas de la sinapsis. Así, en pacientes con TEA se han descrito alteraciones del desarrollo inicial de las sinapsis en los circuitos de conexión entre áreas corticales de procesamiento complejo. La complejidad molecular observada en la predisposición a desarrollar un TEA, junto con la diversidad de fenotipos estructurales neuronales, ha hecho que los modelos animales reproduzcan solo parcialmente el TEA. Para avanzar en el estudio experimental se hace pues necesario desarrollar modelos más representativos, como son los modelos celulares derivados de células humanas. En las últimas décadas, el desarrollo de la biología de las células madre nos da medios para acceder a paradigmas experimentales sobre células derivadas de individuos con TEA. Actualmente, los modelos de células plutipotentes inducidas (IPs) derivadas de células humanas permiten profundizar en el estudio de las bases moleculares y celulares del TEA. Sin embargo, presentan problemas inherentes derivados de la manipulación experimental que conlleva la reprogramación de la expresión génica, por lo que otros modelos celulares se están también postulando como válidos.


Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are a functional alteration of the cerebral cortex, which presents structural neurodevelopmental anomalies that affect synaptic function and the pattern of connections within and between cortical columns. From its etiological aspect, ASD has an important genetic load, considering a polygenic disorder, derived from a combination of "de novo" genetic mutations, associated to a predisposition derived from common inherited variations. The main genetic anomalies associated with ASD involve genes that encode proteins of the synapse. Thus, in patients with ASD, alterations in the initial development of the synapses have been described in the connection circuits between complex processing cortical areas. The molecular complexity observed in the predisposition to develop an ASD, together with the diversity of structural phenotypes, has made animal models reproduce only partially the ASD. To advance in the experimental study it is therefore necessary to develop representative models, such as cellular models derived from human cells. In recent decades, the advances in stem cell biology give us a way to apply experimental paradigms in cells derived from individuals with ASD. Currently, induced pluripotent cells (IPs) derived from human adult cells allow deepening the study of molecular and cellular bases of the neuronal development in humans, as well as the anomalies in this development, which give rise to disorders such as ASD. However, they present inherent problems derived from the experimental manipulation that involves the reprogramming of gene expression, therefore other models are also been explored.


Subject(s)
Humans , Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology , Models, Biological , Synapses/physiology , Synapses/genetics , Gene Expression , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics , Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology , Neurodevelopmental Disorders/physiopathology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics
16.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 79(1,supl.1): 44-50, abr. 2019. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1002604

ABSTRACT

El sueño adecuado es necesario para el desarrollo sináptico y la maduración cerebral, un sueño de mala calidad tiene efectos perjudiciales en las funciones cognitivas, de atención, memoria y conducta de los niños. La preocupación sobre la alta prevalencia de los problemas del sueño es amplia en todo el mundo; las consecuencias de estos problemas son incluso más importantes en los niños portadores de trastornos del neurodesarrollo; estos niños a menudo tienen dificultades de inicio y mantenimiento del sueño y despertares nocturnos frecuentes que afectan a sus problemas de conducta. El propósito de este escrito es revisar el estado del arte de los problemas del sueño en los niños con trastornos del neurodesarrollo. En este punto, es importante tener en cuenta el ritmo circadiano, un reloj que genéticamente dirige los ritmos celulares de transcripción, traslación y metabolismos. Este reloj se combina con el ambiente diurno y nocturno coordinando estos mecanismos durante los ciclos luz/oscuridad, sueño/vigilia, frío/calor, ingesta/ayuno, tanto diariamente como en las diferentes estaciones. En conclusión, los problemas del sueño son un factor condicionante de la evolución y calidad de vida de los niños con trastornos del neurodesarrollo, que debe ser tenido en cuenta en todos los casos y ocupar un lugar preferente tanto en la etapa diagnóstica como en la terapéutica.


Adequate sleep is of critical need for a typical synaptic development and brain maturation, a poor quality sleep can have detrimental effects on children's' cognitive attention, memory, mood regulation, and behavior functions. Great concern has been voiced out regarding the high prevalence of poor sleep in children worldwide, the effects of poor sleep may be even more pronounced in children with neurodevelopmental disorders; these children often have difficulties with falling and staying asleep and with night awakenings, this has a strong association with daytime behavior problems. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the state of the science of sleep in children with a neurodevelopmental disorder. In this context, it is important to take the circadian cycle into account, a genetically encoded clock that drives cellular rhythms of transcription, translation and metabolism. The circadian clock interacts with the diurnal and nocturnal environment that also drives transcription and metabolism during light/dark, sleep/wake, hot/cold and feast/fast daily and seasonal cycles In conclusion, the sleep problems are a conditioning factor in the evolution and quality of life of children with neurodevelopmental disorders that must be taken into account in all cases and occupy a preferential place in both the diagnostic and the therapeutic stages.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Sleep Wake Disorders/physiopathology , Neurodevelopmental Disorders/physiopathology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/physiopathology , Sleep Wake Disorders/therapy , Circadian Rhythm/physiology , Smith-Magenis Syndrome/physiopathology , Circadian Clocks , Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology , Sleep Hygiene/physiology
17.
CoDAS ; 31(4): e20180212, 2019. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1019724

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT This study aimed to measure the effects of a Computer-based Auditory Training Program (CBATP) on an adolescent diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD). This is the case report of a male, 14-year-old adolescent diagnosed with ASD. The individual was submitted to basic audiological evaluation, central auditory processing assessment and hearing electrophysiology (EP), pre- and post-therapeutic intervention. Central auditory processing (CAP) was assessed by means of the following instruments: Time-compressed Speech Test (TCST), Random Gap Detection Test (RGDT), Staggered Spondaic Word Test (SSWT), Frequency (Pitch) Pattern Sequence Test (FPST), and Duration Pattern Test (DPT). The P300 component of the Event-related Potential (ERP) was used in the hearing EP. Pre-intervention assessment of CAP showed changes in the auditory skills of closure, figure-ground and temporal ordering, but normal temporal resolution ability. Post-intervention evaluation of CAP showed improvement in all previously mentioned auditory skills, except for the figure-ground ability, which remained unchanged. Regarding the findings of the hearing EP, a decrease in the latency of the P300 component was observed pre- and post-intervention. This study demonstrated that the use of a CBATP resulted in improvement in the hearing abilities assessed in an adolescent diagnosed with ASD.


RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi mensurar o efeito do treinamento auditivo computadorizado em um adolescente diagnosticado com Transtorno do Espectro Autista e Transtorno do Processamento Auditivo. Participou do estudo um adolescente de 14 anos, do sexo masculino, diagnosticado com Transtorno do Espectro Autista. O sujeito foi submetido à avaliação audiológica básica, avaliação do processamento auditivo central e avaliação eletrofisiológica da audição pré e pós-intervenção. A avaliação do processamento auditivo foi composta do Teste de Fala Comprimida (FC), Randon Gap Detection Test (RGDT), Staggered Spondaic Words (SSW), Teste de Padrão de Frequência (TPF) e Teste de Padrão de Duração (TPD). Na avaliação eletrofisiológica, utilizou-se o Potencial Evocado Auditivo Cognitivo (P300). Na avaliação do processamento auditivo central pré-intervenção terapêutica, observou-se alteração nas habilidades de fechamento auditivo, figura-fundo e ordenação temporal. Na habilidade auditiva de resolução temporal, o sujeito da pesquisa demonstrou desempenho dentro dos padrões de normalidade. Na realização do processamento auditivo central, foi possível observar melhora nos resultados de todas as habilidades auditivas citadas anteriormente, exceto na habilidade de figura-fundo, que permaneceu alterada. Quantos aos achados da avaliação eletrofisiológica da audição, verificou-se diminuição da latência do componente P300 na comparação dos resultados pré e pós-treinamento auditivo. Este estudo demonstrou que a utilização de treinamento auditivo trouxe como efeito uma melhora das habilidades auditivas avaliadas de um adolescente diagnosticado com Transtorno do Espectro Autista.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications , Language Development Disorders/rehabilitation , Longitudinal Studies , Event-Related Potentials, P300/physiology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology , Language Development Disorders/etiology , Language Development Disorders/physiopathology
18.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-966356

ABSTRACT

Desde el punto de vista lingüístico, son conocidas las repercusiones del Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) en la comunicación y el lenguaje, sin embargo, existen pocos estudios específicos para el nivel Fonético-Fonológico. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el desempeño Fonético-Fonológico de niños con TEA de los niveles pre-kínder, kínder, primero, segundo y tercero básico, mediante el uso de la Clasificación de Ajustes Fonético-Fonológicos del habla infantil (CLAFF). Para ello, se utilizó un enfoque descriptivo transversal y un diseño no probabilístico de tipo consecutivo. Los principales resultados mostraron que los niños con TEA realizan como Ajuste Fonético-Fonológico (AFF) a los rasgos del fonema el Ajuste de Modo y en los AFF a la sílaba, la Síncopa. Además, mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado se determinó que existía una asociación entre las variables Nivel escolar y Categoría de ajuste. Para investigar más a fondo esta relación, se procedió a realizar un análisis de Regresión Logística Multinomial (RLM), el que reveló que Nivel escolar predice la probabilidad de aparición de AFF que afecten al Rasgo, en oposición a Sílaba, en los niveles estudiados.


From a linguistic standpoint, the consequences of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in both communication and linguistic skills are relatively well known. However, few studies have been conducted to observe the phonetic and phonemic domain. The aim of this study is to analyse the phonetic and phonemic performance of children with ASD from pre-primary school to third grade. This was accomplished by using the CLAFF, a guideline for classifying phonetic and phonemic adjustments. This study presents a cross-sectional approach and the sample was obtained via a consecutive non-probabilistic model. The main results showed that children with ASD prefer adjustments in manner of articulation and syncope. A Chi-squared analysis revealed a significant statistical association between School grade and Category of adjustment. To further observe this association, a multinomial logistic regression analysis was run, which showed that School grade predicted the probability of occurrence of adjustments that affect phonemic features rather the syllable.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Speech/physiology , Phonetics , Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology , Logistic Models , Cross-Sectional Studies
19.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 40(3): 309-311, July-Sept. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1039087

ABSTRACT

Objective: Theta-burst stimulation (TBS) modulates synaptic plasticity more efficiently than standard repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation delivery and may be a promising modality for neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). At present there are few effective interventions for prefrontal cortex dysfunction in ASD. We report on an open-label, pilot study of intermittent TBS (iTBS) to target executive function deficits and restricted, repetitive behaviors in male children and adolescents with ASD. Methods: Ten right-handed, male participants, aged 9-17 years with ASD were enrolled in an open-label trial of iTBS treatment. Fifteen sessions of neuronavigated iTBS at 100% motor threshold targeting the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were delivered over 3 weeks. Results: Parent report scores on the Repetitive Behavior Scale Revised and the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale demonstrated improvements with iTBS treatment. Participants demonstrated improvements in perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and total time for the Stroop test. The iTBS treatments were well tolerated with no serious adverse effects. Conclusion: These preliminary results suggest that further controlled interventional studies of iTBS for ASD are warranted.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Adolescent , Theta Rhythm/physiology , Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/methods , Autism Spectrum Disorder/therapy , Pilot Projects , Treatment Outcome , Prefrontal Cortex/physiopathology , Signal Detection, Psychological , Aftercare , Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/psychology , Obsessive Behavior/psychology , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/psychology
20.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 78(supl.2): 63-68, set. 2018.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-955017

ABSTRACT

Nunca dejará de ser interesante y relevante el tema de las discapacidades que abarcan la cognición y la adaptabilidad. La etiología genética tiene cada día más peso. La relación con otros trastornos del neurodesarrollo como el trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) y el trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH), es de importancia clínica, diagnóstica y terapéutica. Realizamos una revisión sobre el trastorno del desarrollo intelectual (TDI) y su implicación con el TEA y el TDAH. Desde Hipócrates hasta la actualidad los trastornos que afectan las habilidades de aprendizaje, conducta y socialización han sido sujeto de estudios y han variado sobre todo en la denominación como entidad y su percepción desde el punto de vista humano y social. La etiología del TDI en la mayoría de los casos es un enigma y los avances genéticos son la piedra angular para dilucidar el origen de este trastorno del neurodesarrollo, así como su relación con otros como el TEA y el TDAH. El trastorno del desarrollo intelectual, el más antiguo con respecto a definición, estudio y abordaje, aún presenta incógnitas sobre todo de origen etiológico. Su relación con otros trastornos del neurodesarrollo como el TEA y el TDAH es evidente por poseer áreas comunes de afectación, pudiendo ser diagnósticos coincidentes.


The subject of disabilities that include cognition and adaptability will never cease to be interesting and relevant. The genetic etiology has more weight every day. The relationship with other neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is of clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic importance. The objective was to conduct a review of intellectual development disorder and its implication with ASD and ADHD. From Hippocrates to the present the disorders that affect learning, behavior and socialization skills have been the subject of studies and have varied, above all, in the denomination as an entity and its perception from the human and social point of view. The etiology of intellectual development disorders in most cases is an enigma and genetic advances are the cornerstone to elucidate the origin of this neurodevelopmental disorder, as well as its relationship with others such as ASD and ADHD. The disorder of intellectual development, the oldest one with respect to definition, study and approach, still presents mysteries above all of etiological origin. Its relationship with other neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD and ADHD is evident by having common areas of involvement, which may be coincident diagnoses.


Subject(s)
Humans , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/genetics , Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics , Intellectual Disability/genetics , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/physiopathology , Comorbidity , Cognition , Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis , Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology , Intellectual Disability/diagnosis , Intellectual Disability/physiopathology
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